NECO 2025/2026 Civic Obj & Theory Answers

CIVIC OBJ

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(1a)

Values are fundamental beliefs or principles that guide an individual’s or a society’s actions and judgments about what is important in life. They represent what is considered good, right, or desirable.

(1b)

(i)Moral/Ethical Values: These values relate to principles of right and wrong, guiding our ethical conduct and sense of justice. Examples include honesty, integrity, compassion, and respect for others.

(ii)Aesthetic Values: These values are concerned with beauty, art, and personal taste. They influence our appreciation of art, music, nature, and design, and can be subjective and culturally influenced. Examples include creativity, harmony, and elegance.

(iii)Social Values: These values pertain to the principles that govern how individuals interact within a society. They promote social cohesion and well-being. Examples include equality, community, cooperation, and social justice.

(iv)Personal Values: These are individual beliefs and priorities that are deeply held and guide personal choices and aspirations. They are often unique to each person and can evolve over time. Examples include ambition, independence, personal growth, and security.

(2a)

Responsible parenthood refers to the ability of parents to provide for the needs of their children, ensuring their physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development.

(2b)

(i)Providing for basic needs: Responsible parents ensure their children have adequate food, shelter, clothing, healthcare, and education. This involves financial stability and careful resource management.

(ii)Nurturing emotional well-being: This role encompasses providing love, support, security, and a positive home environment. Responsible parents foster open communication, teach emotional regulation, and build self-esteem in their children.

(iii)Guiding moral and social development: Parents are responsible for instilling values, teaching right from wrong, and guiding their children to become responsible and respectful members of society. This includes setting boundaries, disciplining appropriately, and modeling positive behavior.

(iv)Promoting intellectual growth and education: Responsible parents encourage learning, support their children’s education, and provide opportunities for intellectual stimulation. This can involve helping with homework, reading to them, and fostering a love for knowledge.

(3a)

Human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. It involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit individuals for profit, often moving them across borders or within a country.

(3b)

(i)Strengthen Law Enforcement and Prosecution: Enhance the capacity of law enforcement agencies to investigate, arrest, and prosecute human traffickers, ensuring severe penalties to deter others. This includes training officials on identifying victims and gathering evidence.

(ii)Public Awareness and Education Campaigns: Implement widespread campaigns to educate the public, especially vulnerable populations, about the dangers of human trafficking, common recruitment tactics, and how to report suspicious activities.

(iii)Address Root Causes: Tackle socio-economic factors that make individuals vulnerable to trafficking, such as poverty, lack of education, and unemployment, by creating economic opportunities and improving social welfare programs.

(iv)Victim Support and Rehabilitation: Provide comprehensive support services for survivors, including safe shelters, psychological counseling, medical care, legal assistance, and reintegration programs to help them rebuild their lives and prevent re-trafficking.

(4a)

Democracy is a system of government where supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation, usually involving periodically held free elections.

(4b)

(i)Rule of Law: This pillar emphasizes that all individuals, including those in power, are subject to and accountable under the law. It ensures fairness, predictability, and prevents arbitrary rule, protecting citizens’ rights and promoting justice.

(ii)Citizen Participation: Active and informed participation of citizens is crucial for a healthy democracy. This includes voting in elections, engaging in public discourse, joining political parties or civil society organizations, and holding elected officials accountable.

(iii)Protection of Human Rights: A democratic system safeguards fundamental human rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and the right to a fair trial. These rights are essential for individual dignity and for citizens to exercise their political voice effectively.

(iv)Free and Fair Elections: Regular, free, and fair elections are the cornerstone of representative democracy, allowing citizens to choose their representatives and hold them accountable. This includes universal suffrage, transparent electoral processes, and independent electoral bodies to ensure legitimacy.

(5a)

A citizen is a legal member of a country or state, who enjoys certain rights and privileges while also having responsibilities and duties towards that country or state.

(5b)

(i)Citizenship by Birth: This is the most common way to acquire Nigerian citizenship. It applies to individuals born in Nigeria on or after October 1, 1960, whose parents or grandparents are citizens of Nigeria, or to individuals born outside Nigeria whose parents are citizens of Nigeria.

(ii)Citizenship by Registration: This process is available to women who are married to Nigerian citizens. They can apply for citizenship by registration after residing in Nigeria for a continuous period of at least fifteen years.

(iii)Citizenship by Naturalization: This is for individuals who are not of Nigerian descent but wish to become citizens. To qualify, an applicant must have resided in Nigeria for a continuous period of at least fifteen years, be of good character, have a clear intention to reside in Nigeria, and be able to contribute to the well-being of the community.

(iv)Citizenship by Descent: This applies to individuals born outside Nigeria whose parents or grandparents are citizens of Nigeria. They are considered citizens by descent, regardless of their place of birth.

(5c)

(i)Citizens typically enjoy full political and civil rights, such as the right to vote, hold public office, and access social services, which are generally not extended to aliens. WHILE Aliens may have limited rights, often related to residency and work permits.

(ii)Citizens have duties and responsibilities towards their country, such as paying taxes, obeying laws, and potentially serving in the military. WHILE aliens must obey the laws of the host country, their obligations are usually more limited compared to citizens.

(6a)

Capitalist democracy is a political system that combines a capitalist economic system with a democratic political system. In this system, the means of production are largely privately owned, and economic decisions are primarily driven by market forces.

(6b)

(i)Political Freedoms and Rights: Citizens enjoy fundamental political freedoms such as freedom of speech, assembly, and the press, as well as the right to vote and participate in elections.

(ii)Private Ownership and Free Market: The economic system is based on private ownership of businesses and resources, with a strong emphasis on free markets, competition, and limited government intervention in the economy.

(iii)Rule of Law: The system operates under the rule of law, meaning that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law.

(iv)Protection of Property Rights: The legal system protects private property rights, which are considered essential for economic activity and investment within the capitalist framework.

(6c)

(i)It prevents the passage of hasty or ill-considered laws by requiring approval from two separate chambers.

(ii)It provides more thorough scrutiny and debate of legislation, leading to better-quality laws.

(iii)It ensures representation of different interests, such as states or regions in one chamber and the general population in another.

(iv)It acts as a system of checks and balances, reducing the risk of abuse of power by any single legislative body.

(7a)

Safety refers to the state of being protected from potential harm or danger, injury, or loss. It encompasses measures taken to ensure the well-being and security of individuals, groups, or assets, minimizing risks and preventing accidents or undesirable events.

(7b)

(i)Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating the public on various safety issues like road safety, fire safety, and personal security through campaigns, workshops, and media outreach helps foster a safety-conscious society.

(ii)Enforcement of Laws and Regulations: Strict enforcement of laws related to public health, environmental protection, building codes, and criminal activities ensures a safer environment for all citizens.

(iii)Emergency Preparedness and Response: Establishing robust emergency services (police, fire, ambulance) and developing comprehensive disaster management plans for natural calamities or other emergencies ensures a swift and effective response to crises.

(iv)Infrastructure Safety: Regular maintenance and inspection of public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities are crucial to prevent accidents and ensure structural integrity.

(v)Community Policing and Neighborhood Watch: Encouraging community involvement in crime prevention through initiatives like neighborhood watch programs and fostering a strong relationship between law enforcement and citizens can significantly enhance local safety.

(7c)

(i)Always lock your doors and windows when leaving your home or vehicle, to secure personal belongings.

(ii) Always avoid sharing personal information with strangers or on unsecured platforms and be aware of your surroundings

(8a)

Orderliness refers to the state or quality of being neat, tidy, and organized, following a systematic arrangement or procedure. It implies a sense of discipline and adherence to established rules or patterns, leading to efficiency and harmony.

(8b)

(i)Adherence to Traffic Rules: Following traffic signals, staying in designated lanes, and respecting speed limits are crucial for maintaining order on roads, preventing accidents, and ensuring smooth flow of movement.

(ii)Proper Waste Disposal: Disposing of refuse in designated bins, separating recyclable materials, and avoiding littering contribute to a clean and healthy environment, reflecting a sense of responsibility and orderliness in public spaces.

(iii)Respect for Queues and Public Spaces: Waiting in line in an orderly manner at banks, bus stops, or public offices, and maintaining decorum in public spaces like libraries or parks, demonstrates respect for others and contributes to a peaceful environment.

(iv)Timeliness and Punctuality: Arriving on time for appointments, meetings, or public events shows respect for others’ time and contributes to the efficient functioning of social and professional interactions.

(8c)

(i)Arranging books neatly on a shelf.

(ii)Following a daily schedule or routine.

(iii)Maintaining cleanliness in one’s home or workspace.

(iv)Organizing documents in files or folders

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