NECO 2025/2026 Agric Obj & Theory Answers

AGRIC OBJ

1-10: BEBDAEBDCC

11-20: EECBEEDDAD

21-30: DBADBCECBB

31-40: EBCEAADBEA

41-50: DCECDEEAEC

51-60: CCBBCAEDCD

Completed

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(1a)

Agriculture is the science, art, and business of cultivating crops and rearing animals for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain and improve human life.

(1bi) 

=Unpredictable climate=

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Use of irrigation systems

(ii) Adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties

(iii) Proper weather forecasting and early warning systems

(iv) Use of greenhouses and controlled environments

(v) Timely planting and harvesting

(vi) Crop diversification to reduce risk

(1bii) 

=Rural-urban migration=

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Provision of basic amenities in rural areas (e.g., electricity, water)

(ii) Establishment of agro-based industries in rural communities

(iii) Improvement of rural infrastructure (e.g., roads, schools, healthcare)

(iv) Access to credit and subsidies for rural farmers

(v) Training and empowerment of rural youth in agriculture

(vi) Land reforms and secure land tenure

(1c)

(i) Wear protective clothing (gloves, masks, goggles)

(ii) Do not eat, drink, or smoke while spraying

(iii) Avoid spraying during windy periods

(iv) Wash hands and equipment thoroughly after use

(1d) 

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Increases productivity and efficiency

(ii) Saves time and reduces labor cost

(iii) Enables timely planting and harvesting

(iv) Improves the quality of farm operations

(v) Reduces drudgery and manual labor

(vi) Enhances large-scale farming

(2a)

(i) Communal land tenure system

(ii) Freehold land tenure system

(iii) Leasehold land tenure system

(2b) 

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Provision of subsidies and incentives to farmers

(ii) Construction of rural infrastructure (roads, storage facilities)

(iii) Establishment of agricultural research institutes

(iv) Provision of extension services

(v) Implementation of favorable agricultural policies

(vi) Financing and granting of loans to farmers

(2c)

(i) National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS)

(ii) Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC)

(iii) River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs)

(2d)

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Provision of good road networks for easy transportation

(ii) Establishment of rural health care centers

(iii) Access to quality education and training

(iv) Provision of clean water and electricity

(v) Availability of rural credit and banking services

(vi) Building storage and processing facilities

(2e)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) High cost of purchasing and maintaining machines

(ii) Displacement of manual laborers leading to unemployment

(iii) Soil compaction due to heavy machines

(iv) Inaccessibility of machines in small or rough fields

(v) Increased fuel and maintenance costs

(vi) Dependency on imported machinery and spare parts

(3ai)

A soil profile is the vertical section of the soil that shows its different layers (horizons) from the surface to the bedrock. It reveals how the soil is structured in terms of composition, color, texture, and depth.

(3aii)

(3b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Leaching of basic nutrients by rainfall

(ii) Excessive use of acidic fertilizers (e.g., ammonium sulphate)

(iii) Decomposition of organic matter

(iv) Continuous cultivation without liming

(v) Acid rain

(vi) Poor drainage or waterlogging

(3c)

(i) Broadcasting: Fertilizer is spread evenly over the entire surface of the soil before or after planting. It is simple but may lead to wastage and uneven distribution.

(ii) Side dressing: Fertilizer is applied beside the growing plant at some distance. It supplies nutrients during plant growth and reduces nutrient loss.

(iii) Ring method: Fertilizer is applied in circular ring around the base of the plant. It ensures efficient nutrient uptake and reduces leaching.

(4a)

(i)Microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing nutrients and forming humus, which improves soil structure and fertility.

(ii)Some microorganisms, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria, convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, enriching the soil.

(iii)Fungi form mycorrhizal associations with plant roots, enhancing nutrient and water uptake by the plant and contributing to soil aggregation.

(iv)Microbes can break down parent material, aiding in the weathering process and the formation of new soil particles.

(4bi)

(i)Magnesium is a central component of the chlorophyll molecule, essential for photosynthesis.

(ii)It activates many enzymes involved in plant growth and metabolism, including those for energy transfer and protein synthesis.

(4bii)

(i)Interveinal chlorosis, where yellowing occurs between the leaf veins while the veins remain green.

(ii)Stunted growth and premature leaf drop in severe cases.

(4c)

(i) Green manure: Crops grown specifically to be incorporated into the soil while still green to improve soil fertility and structure.

(ii) Farmyard manure: A mixture of animal excreta, bedding material, and leftover feed, used as an organic fertilizer to enrich soil.

(iii) Compost manure: Decomposed organic matter, such as plant residues and kitchen waste, broken down by microorganisms to create a nutrient-rich soil amendment.

(4d)

(i)Biotic components (living organisms)

(ii)Abiotic components (non-living physical and chemical factors)

(5ai)

Oil palm requires high, well-distributed rainfall (typically 2,000-3,000 mm annually) for optimal growth and yield.

(5aii)

Seedlings are typically transplanted from the nursery to the field when they are around 12-18 months old.

(5aiii)

Oil palm requires balanced fertilization, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, to ensure healthy growth and high yields.

(5aiv)

(i)Weed control: Regular weeding is crucial to minimize competition for nutrients and water.

(ii)Pruning: Removal of old or diseased fronds to improve light penetration and air circulation.

(iii)Pollination: Assisting pollination, especially in areas with insufficient natural pollinators, can increase fruit set.

(5av)

(i)Ganoderma basal stem rot

(ii)Fusarium wilt

(iii)Bud rot

(5b)

(i)Direct sowing of seeds

(ii)Transplanting seedlings or cuttings

(iii)Division of bulbs or rhizomes

(5c)

(i)Mulching

(ii)Hand weeding or hoeing

(iii)Crop rotation

(iv)Cover cropping

(6a)

(i)Reduced crop yield due to damage to plant parts.

(ii)Decreased quality of harvested produce, leading to lower market value.

(iii)Increased production costs due to pest control measures (e.g., pesticides).

(iv)Transmission of plant diseases, causing further losses.

(6bi)

Cassava mosaic:

(i)Yellowing and distortion of leaves, often with a mosaic pattern.

(ii)Stunted plant growth.

(6bii)

Groundnut rosette:

(i)Severe stunting and rosetting of leaves.

(ii)Chlorosis and mosaic patterns on leaves.

(6biii)

Root knot of okra:

(i)Formation of galls or swellings on roots.

(ii)Stunted growth and yellowing of leaves (nutrient deficiency due to damaged roots).

(6c)

(i) One material for propagation: Yam sett (a piece of the yam tuber with skin and eyes).

(ii) Soil requirement: Well-drained, fertile, loose, and deep loamy or sandy-loam soils are ideal.

(iii) Land preparation: Involves clearing, ploughing, harrowing, and making mounds or ridges.

(iv) Planting date: Varies with region, but typically at the onset of the rainy season.

(v) Spacing: Appropriate spacing between mounds or ridges and between plants is crucial for optimal growth and yield.

(vi) One cultural practice: Staking (providing support for the yam vines to climb).

(7ai)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Reduction in animal productivity (e.g., less milk, meat, eggs)

(ii) Increased mortality rate leading to loss of livestock

(iii) High cost of veterinary care and treatment

(iv) Reduced market value of infected animals

(v) Cost of disease prevention and control measures

(vi) Loss of income and profitability for farmers

(7aii)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Regular vaccination of animals

(ii) Proper sanitation and hygiene in animal housing

(iii) Isolation and quarantine of sick animals

(iv) Regular deworming and parasite control

(v) Adequate nutrition and clean water supply

(vi) Use of disinfectants to clean equipment and pens

(vii) Control of vectors (e.g., ticks, flies, mosquitoes)

(viii) Avoiding overcrowding in animal housing

(7b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Immediate isolation of infected animals

(ii) Proper disposal of infected carcasses

(iii) Vaccination of healthy animals

(iv) Disinfection of animal housing and equipment

(v) Restriction of movement of animals in and out of the farm

(vi) Reporting outbreaks to veterinary authorities

(7c)

(i) Oestrogen

(ii) Progesterone

(8a) 

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Ruminants have a four-chambered stomach while non-ruminants have a single-chambered stomach

(ii) Ruminants chew cud while non-ruminants do not chew cud

(iii) Ruminants digest cellulose efficiently while non-ruminants have limited ability to digest cellulose

(iv) Ruminants include animals like cattle, sheep, and goats while non-ruminants include pigs, poultry, and horses

(v) Ruminants have a rumen for microbial fermentation while non-ruminants do not have a rumen

(vi) Ruminants produce large amounts of methane during digestion while non-ruminants produce less methane

(8b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Transportation of oxygen from lungs to body tissues

(ii) Transportation of nutrients to body cells

(iii) Removal of carbon dioxide and other waste products

(iv) Regulation of body temperature

(v) Defense against infections through white blood cells

(vi) Clotting of blood to prevent excessive bleeding

(8c) 

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) High humidity can reduce egg shell quality

(ii) Excessive humidity may increase disease outbreaks

(iii) Low humidity can lead to dehydration in birds

(iv) High humidity reduces feed intake in birds

(v) It can affect hatchability of eggs

(vi) It can influence egg weight and size

(8d) 

Fatten-up refers to the process of feeding cattle with high-energy diets to increase their body weight and flesh in preparation for market or slaughter. It improves the meat quality and market value of the animal.

(8e) 

(i) Stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics

(ii) Regulates the oestrous cycle and heat behavior

(iii) Prepares the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg

(9a)

Agricultural insurance is a type of protection provided to farmers against the loss of or damage to crops and livestock due to natural disasters, pests, diseases, or other unforeseen events.

(9b)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) Helps farmers sell their produce at profitable prices

(ii) Encourages increased agricultural production

(iii) Facilitates the distribution of farm produce from rural to urban areas

(iv) Reduces post-harvest losses

(v) Provides income to farmers

(vi) Promotes investment in agriculture

(9c)

In a Tabular form

=Subsidy=

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Subsidy is a financial support given by the government to reduce the cost of agricultural inputs for farmers

(ii) Subsidy is usually non-refundable

(iii) Subsidy helps to encourage the use of improved farm inputs

(iv) It is often provided through government agencies or programs

(v) It reduces the production cost for farmers

(vi) It is not expected to be returned by the beneficiary

=Credit=

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Credit is a loan given to farmers to support agricultural activities, which may come with interest

(ii) Credit must be repaid over a specified period of time

(iii) Credit can be obtained from banks, cooperatives, or microfinance institutions

(iv) It helps farmers to invest in production, storage, and processing

(v) It may require collateral or guarantors

(vi) Interest is often charged on the amount borrowed

(9d) 

The group method involves educating or training farmers in groups through methods such as workshops, demonstrations, field days, and seminars. It allows many farmers to receive the same information at once, encourages discussion, and promotes collective learning.

(9e)

(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i) To educate farmers on improved farming techniques

(ii) To increase agricultural productivity

(iii) To promote adoption of new innovations

(iv) To improve the living standards of rural farmers

(v) To link farmers with research and government programs

(vi) To provide information on marketing and farm management

(10a)

(PICK ANY ONE)

Agricultural finance refers to the study and provision of financial services, credit facilities, and capital required for agricultural production and agribusiness activities. 

OR

Agricultural finance is the branch of agricultural economics that deals with the sourcing, allocation, and efficient management of funds and credit required for establishing, operating, expanding, and modernising farm and agro‑based enterprises.

(10b)

Given:

Cost price in 2010 = ₦200,000

Selling price in 2020 (Salvage value) = ₦60,000

Useful life = 2020 – 2010 = 10 years

Salvage value = estimate resale value of an asset at the end of its useful life.

(i) Salvage value = ₦60,000 

(ii) Total depreciation

= Cost price – Salvage value

= ₦200,000 – ₦60,000

= ₦140,000 

(iii) Annual depreciation

= Total depreciation / Useful life

= ₦140,000 / 10

= ₦14,000

(10c)

(10d)

(PICK ANY THREE)

(i) Small-scale farmers

(ii) Youths and school leavers

(iii) Women in agriculture

(iv) Cooperative societies

(v) Commercial farmers

(10e)

(PICK ANY TWO)

(i) Farm visit

(ii) Home visit

(iii) Office visit

(iv) Method demonstration ( one- on- one)

(v) Telephone call

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